For heat-exchanger tubes, typically silicon-carbide (SiC)-based ceramics are selected. A particular SiC called Hexoloy is an alpha phase 

Heat Exchanger Design & Gasket Stress Because of the wide range of heat exchanger designs, insufficient or excessive gasket stress is a common issue. Insufficient stress may be caused by gaskets that are too wide. The answer to this issue is to narrow the gasket that will result in higher seating stress and better sealing.

This section provides data on the three essential properties of materials required for the design of heat exchangers, namely thermal conductivity, 

while metals have a high resistance and are commonly used in constructing heat exchangers due to their high thermal conductivity, as in the case of copper, titanium, and stainless-steel heat exchangers, other materials, such as graphite, ceramics, composites, or plastics, may offer greater advantages depending on the requirements of the heat

High-alloy austenitic stainless steels are often used for welded plate heat exchangers in demanding applications in the refining, chemical, 

Usually, the heat exchanger tu can be furnished in ferrous or nonferrous metal materials, which can be further classified as carbon steel, 

Generally, the two most commonly selected materials for heat exchangers are aluminium and copper. Both metals have the optimum thermal properties and corrosion resistance to make them ideal choices, with most of the differences being application-specific.

Heat Exchanger Materials: Shell and Tube Type: Tube stacks are generally constructed of aluminium brass. However, this material is not recommended for services, which are subject

the heat exchanger, the cooler fluid will approach the inlet temperature of the hot fluid. Counter flow heat exchangers are the most efficient of the three types. In contrast to the parallel flow heat exchanger, the counter flow heat exchanger can have the hottest cold-fluid temperature greater than the coldest hot-fluid temperatue.

Plates, tubes, and entire heat exchanger units may be fabricated with AISI 304 or AISI 316L stainless steel. For more corrosive, high-salt products, parts of units may be manufactured with titanium, stainless steel alloys, or Super Alloys™ AL-6XN® and Hastelloy® C-22®. How to detect fouling in heat exchangers

shown, stainless steel is sometimes the only material that can be used; specific heat exchanger applications and materials experiences in such.